Your ultimate packaging resource
 

Welcome to our packaging Archive. Have fun browsing!

 

(Browse for more articles)

 

Seven Layers of ISO OSI Model

The ISO OSI model are explained below. of upper layer protocols to ensure that
The seven layers of the OSI model are: the information had reached the intended
partner(s). Hence, UDP is often called
Application connectionless protocol.
Presentation
Session Application programs that do not need
Transport connection-oriented protocol generally
Network use UDP.
Antiqua">Data Link 5. Network layer: Network layer is
Physical responsible for the routing of packets
1 Application layer: This layer through the entire network. The layer
provides a means for the user to access uses logical addressing for this purpose.
information on the network through an Note that the physical address (like MAC
application. Many user applications that address) keeps changing from hop to hop
need to communicate over the network when a packet travels from source to
interact with the Application layer destination. As a result, an address that
protocol directly. The user applications doesn't change is required to ensure
are not part of OSI Application layer, continuity between hops. This is nothing
use the networking services offered by but logical address. For IP networks, IP
the networking protocol suite. address is the logical address; and for
Application layer functions typically Novell network, IPX address is the
include identifying communication logical address, and so on. This layer
partners, and determining availability of also provides for congestion control, and
required resources. Some examples of accounting information for the network.
application layer implementations include IP (Internet Protocol) is an example of a
Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and network layer protocol. 6. Data link
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). 2 layer: Data link layer provides delivery
Presentation layer: Presentation layer of information frames between
converts local host computer data communicating partners. This layer is
representations into a standard network responsible for flow regulation, error
format for transmission on the network. detection and correction, and framing of
On the receiving side, it changes the bits for transmission. The network data
network format into the appropriate host frame is made up of checksum, source
computer's format so that data can be address, destination address, and the
utilized independent of the host data itself. The largest frame size that
computer. ASCII and EBCDIC conversions, can be sent is known as the maximum
cryptography, and the like are handled transmission Unit (MTU).Important
here. features of Data link layer:
Examples of Presentation layer coding Assembles bits into frames, making them
and conversion schemes include common ready for transmission over the network.
data representation formats, conversion Provides error detection, and correction
of character representation formats, to transmitted frames. If the checksum is
common data compression schemes, and not correct, it asks for retransmission.
common data encryption schemes. (Send a control message).
Presentation layer implementations are Consists of two sub layers:
not typically associated with a Logical Link Control (LLC): Defines how
particular protocol stack. Some data is transferred over the cable and
well-known standards for video include provides data link service to the higher
QuickTime and Motion Picture Experts layers.
Group (MPEG). QuickTime is an Apple Medium Access Control (MAC): Controls
Computer specification for video and media access by regulating the
audio, and MPEG is a standard for video communicating nodes using pre-defined set
compression and coding.3. Session layer: of rules. (i.e. Token passing, Ethernet
The session layer establishes, manages, [CSMA/CD] all have MAC sub-layer
and terminates communication sessions. protocol).
Communication sessions consist of service
requests and service responses that occur
between applications located in different
network devices. These requests and
responses are coordinated by protocols Different Data link layer protocols
implemented at the session layer. Some define different network and protocol
examples of session-layer implementations characteristics, including physical
include AppleTalk's Zone Information addressing, network topology, error
Protocol (ZIP), and Decent Phase Session notification, sequencing of frames, and
Control Protocol (SCP).4.Transport layer: flow control. Physical addressing (as
Transport layer is responsible for opposed to logical addressing) defines
providing reliable service between the how devices are addressed at the data
hosts. Upper layer datagrams are broken link layer. The protocols used in Data
down into manageable datagrams and then link layer are SLIP, PPP, and CSLP.7.
appropriate header information (such as Physical layer: This is the bottom-most
sequence number, port number, etc.) is layer of the OSI model. The Physical
added to the datagram before passing it layer handles the bit-level
on to the Network layer. Two frequently communications across the physical
used transport protocols are the TCP medium. The physical medium could be made
(Transmission Control Protocol) and the up of wired electrical signals, or light,
UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Important or radio (wireless) signals. Physical
features of Transport layer: layer specifications define
Transport layer ensures reliable characteristics such as media, data
service. rates, maximum transmission distances,
and physical connectors.
Breaks the message (from sessions layer) Some of the important standards that
into smaller datagrams, and appends deal with physical layer specifications
appropriate unit header information. are:
RS-232(for serial communication lines),
Responsible for communicating with the X.21, EIA 232, and G730.
Session layer Physical layer and Data link layer
Important features of TCP/UDP: implementations can be categorized as
TCP/IP widely used protocol for either LAN or WAN specifications.
Transport/Network layers Vijayanand has done his post graduation
TCP: (Transport Control Protocol) TCP (M.E.) in Communication Systems. He has
ensures that a packet has reached its several years of experience in electronic
intended destination by using an assembly and design, rf testing, and
acknowledgement. If not, it retransmits networking. He is a Cisco Certified
the lost messages. Hence, TCP is called a Networking Professional, and an MCSE
connection oriented protocol. (Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer).
He is a director of Anand Software and
UDP (Universal Data gram Protocol): UDP Training Pvt. Ltd. Complete tutorial on
simply transmits packets over the Networking is available at
internet. It does not wait for an SimulationExams.
acknowledgement. It is the responsibility




www.rpma.org keyword stats [2007-05-13-2007-05-13]


Other search phrases:

transport layer unit of vegas travel information
information on cosmetic surgery raw materials software
new orleans travel information personal information management software
packing information uses of packaging materials
cosmetic plastic surgery statistics immigrant ship information
Retail packaging manufacturers information kiosk software
vacation rental information massachusetts tourist information
information packaging macedon ny canon driver information assist
health information management software how to create package in java
travel information about mexico africa travel information
submission information package los angeles visitor information
packaging facts what is the cheapest way to send a
rpMa





1- A- B- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- 28- 29- 30- 31- 32- 33- 34- 35- 36- 37- 38- 39- 40- 41- 42- 43- 44- 45- 46- 47- 48- 49- 50- 51- 52- 53- 54- 55-